The homepage of Fluid Optics™' inventors Reflectors Reflectors, according to the concept of Fluid Optics, is an optical component destined to collect the light coming from one or more sources and to create one or more beam each for a specific usage. Reflectors, according to the concept of Fluid Optics, is a static fluid optics. At the time of the geometry of the reflector is made, we classed the reflector to a dioptric block with a constant refractive index where the total reflexions are replaced by simple or multiple reflexions. In a reflector, the flux are organised by one reflexion or by a succesion of multiple reflexions. The reflectors can be classified by: - the used source type, - the number of sources used, - the positioning of the sources in the reflectors, - the positioning of the emissive zones, - the flux type, profile of the beam section and beam homogeneity, - the final flux specific property, - the fabrication type, - the matter used, - the deposit type.             The used source type       General The source can be incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, with discharge (short or long arc ), plasma or other... The source can have any geometry. The sources can have any dimensions. The source emissive zone can be wireframe, plane or voluminal. The wireframe or plane emissive zone can be axial, transverse with stable or unstable positioning. If the emissive zone is voluminal, it can be with stable or unstable volume. In all these cases, reflectors could be adapted to these properties. To create Fluid Optics reflectors optimized, we will have first of all to interest us in the global geometry emissive zones. sight Iso of a modeling of source to incandescence used in the car       We distinguish in our calculations three types of geometry zone emissive : the nominal emissive zone: this emissive zone corresponds to the exact geometry of the rigorously positioned zone emitting light. This zone corresponds, for example, at the zone occupied by the filament of a standard source correctly fixed.       the emissive zone out tolerance: this emissive zone corresponds to the space in which the nominal emissive zone can be located. In this case, the geometry of the emissive zone itself can be badly positioned and badly definite. The emissive zone except tolerance will include all the possible geometries of the various emissive zones in all the possible positions.       the global emissive zone: this emissive zone corresponds to the space in which the emissive zone out tolerance and all the real and virtual images of the emissive zone out tolerance could be located. In this case one is interested in all the direct or indirect reflections of the light created by the emissive zone and the reflexions on the interior of the glasses bulb, the internal reflector of the source, etc...       One can compare between them the sizes of the various emissive zones nominal emissive zone < emissive zone out tolerance < global emissive zone             One distinguishes also three work hypotheses according to as one uses an or several sources. the unitary emissive zone is the emissive zone of only one source. This zone corresponds to the space occupied by a filament of source for example. The unitary emissive zone of an electric arc will be very difficult to apprehend. the multi-unitary emissive zone is the emissive zone made up of the whole of the unit emissive zones distinct the ones from the others. The spaces located between the nominal emissive zones, out tolerance or global do not form part of the emissive zone pluriunitaire. the global emissive zone is the smallest space emissive zone containing all the zone emissive unit. The spaces located between the nominal emissive zones, out tolerance or global are part of the total emissive zone. One can combine consequently the types of geometry of the emissive zones and the working hypotheses. the multi-unitary emissive zone       the space located between the emissive zones is not taken into account.       the global emissive zone           the space located between the emissive zones is taken into account. In the calculation of the reflectors, the concept of Fluid Optics can take into account the parameters defining the various category of emissive zone. Reflectors with real and virtual source. To obtain better efficiency, it is interesting, generally, to conceive reflectors which create an emissive virtual source starting from the real source. The final beam is then maked with the considered reflected beams coming from the real source and the virtual source.             The number of sources used       The number of sources used is in general equal to the unit. However, we study reflectors also being able to admit several sources. We study a family of light generators for plastic optical fibre functioning with one to three sources of one kilowatt each one. Dynamic fluid Optics enabled us to mix flows coming from 6 to 8 distinct sources to create the PHARE DOUX type projector. The one we have studied can work simultaneously with seven sources. Nothing prohibits the creation of reflectors dedicated to particularly wide sources. Only space available and the electric power available limit really the number and the total power of the sources and the projector which will contain them. Example: reflector using economical sources for the office.             The positioning of sources in the reflector       An only source       - axial direct positioning       - axial reverse positioning       - positioning of the source in a perpendicular plan to the axis of the reflector       Several big dimension sources   Other disposals are also possible.             The positioning of emissive zones       An only wireframe zone emissive       - axial or longitudinal positioning       - transverse positioning       An only emissive plan zone       - axial or longitudinal positioning       - transverse positioning       An only zone voluminal emissive     - axial positioning       - paraxial positioning       Several emissives zones of big dimensions       Other disposals are also possible.             The flux type, section beam profile and beam homogeneity       The flux type (for all the terms that follow, see hot zone in the lexique)       a convergent , almost-convergent or pseudo-convergent flux : The flux can be focused, concentrated or condensed in front of the reflector to a finished distance, so one will say, by convention, that the reflector is convergent, almost-convergent orpseudo-convergent (One will be able to say also that the réflecteur is positive). Example: A flux will have to be convergent, almost-convergent or pseudo-convergent to enter into a beam of optical fibre or light up a film on a cinema projector. a divergent, almost-divergent or pseudo-divergent flux : The flux must not be focused, concentrated or condensed in front of the reflector. The resulted beam is divergent, almost-divergent or pseudo-divergent and the virtuel extension of luminous rays passes by a common zone located behind the réflecteur, in this case one will say, by convention, that the reflector is divergent, almost-divergent or pseudo-divergent (one will be able to say also as the reflector is negative). Example: A flux will have to be divergent, almost-divergent or pseudo-divergent to light up a spread zone target located to a certain distance. the beam section profile : le profil de la section de faisceau peut être circulaire, ovale, rectangulaire, triangulaire ou autre. The beam section profile can be circular, oval, rectangular, triangular or other. With the Fluid Optics, the shapes of these section profile beams are obtained WITHOUT the help of screens, of masks, or other light restriction field. Exemples : pour entrer de la lumière dans une fibre optique, il faudra une section de faisceau circulaire, par contre pour éclairer une péllicule cinématographique, il faudra une section de faisceau rectangulaire. Examples: to enter light in an optic fibre, a circular section beam will be necessary, on the other hand to light up a cinema film, a rectangular section beam will be necessary. the beam homogeneity : In most of the cases, the beams created by reflectors well-known to be "Gaussians", i.e. with a maximum intensity on the optics axis of the reflector. The reflector can be studied to produce a mastered homogeneity beam, what means that the intensity of the light on the target will have to be uniform or non uniform, more powerful on the periphery of the light spot or gradually diminish of a maximum to a light minimum.                 The final flux spécific proprety       We call "final flux spécific proprety", the geometric or physical characteristics of the optimised flux that one wishes to obtain for the application considered. We can, conceive reflectors of which the final flux can have the different property hereafter. The long or very long source reflector will have to concentrate the light coming from wireframe source like certain plasma sources. Example: high luminous energy source. The light beam gradient will have to vary gradually from a minimum to a maximum. Two different methods allow to attain this result. Exemples: cases of a light projecteur destined to put in value an historic monument where it suits that the spectator see the enlightened monument uniform from bottom to the top. In this case the created beam will have to be trapézoïdal and with intensity variation. It is also the case of the flux created by a very long source and a "lèche mur" destined to illuminate a work of art attached to a wall in a museum. Le réflecteur à saturation paraxiale ou marginale doit saturer la lumière présente sur la périphérie du faisceau. The paraxial or marginal saturation reflector must sature the light on the beam periphery. Example: projecteur puting in value an architectural arch. The cutting or clipping flux reflector must fold back the light in a privileged part of the space, in under or above a straight line, broken or bends, or in between two straight or broken lines. With the Fluid Optics, the shapes of these profile section beam are obtained WITHOUT the help of screens, of masks, or other light restriction field. Four different methods allow to attain this result according to the initial hypothesis. Exemples : - Destined light projectors to the car low beams. - Homeomorphic transformation reflectors will be destined to create light bands used to light up piers bridge or longitudinal objects, for example. The variation flux réflector is able to, by a deformation of his geometry, create a flux of which the solid angle can vary between two values known in advance. Example: stage lighting reflector. The thermal flux évacuation reflector must be the more possible open to the heat and most covered possible to collect and sendback the maximum useful luminous flux. The multi-flux reflector can produce two beams from one light source to enter for example in two optical fibres.             The fabrication type       The application of the Fluid Optics concept to the technology need a very good mastery of the different manufacture phases.       For lack of what, the consented efforts to develop founded optic on a outstanding geometry would be reduced to void. It is therefore essential to bring a care all special one to the realization of the optic. It exists fitting technologies that allow to obtain the results awaited. Example: a reflector possessing initially an absolute theoretical yield equal to more than 90% in simulation can see his technological absolute yield fall to less than 20% when it is poorly realized by fluid-turning or embossing. He can also see his technological absolute yield reach 80% when he is carefully realized by boring, polish, and with a correct deposit.     molding : usually the moule is more costly than the realization by bore. This technique can be interesting above a production minimum. Fluid-turning, embossing : We did not obtain again by this method, a sufficient respect of shape. These three techniques are more particularly reserved to the productions of series. Traditionnal or diamond bore : We will use more gladly these techniques to create revolution or non of revolution reflectors model. In any case, it will suit that the realization of these reflectors is maked with a lot of cares. The data processing, the no respect of the shape, the polish defects, the bad quality of reflecting deposits can induce a fall of the realized réflector effectiveness.       The used matter     Aluminium, brass and steel : These materials are the most often used. Glass and quartz : These materials are dear, but allow to obtain good surface states. Opaque plastic : This material is good when there is no thermal problem. Transparent plastic : We are able to study reflectorrs in plastic totally transparent working without paint or deposit.       The deposit type           The deposit types are very numerous. Many parameters such that the brought care, the reflector surface state, the reflector matter, the deposit matter, etc... act on the obtained results.
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